生态学导论

1、单选题：
​The pyramid of biomass shows the​
选项：
A: Transfer of energy between each trophic level
B: Energy in each trophic level
C: Weight of organisms in an trophic level

D: Number of individuals in each trophic level
答案: 【 Number of individuals in each trophic level】

2、单选题：
​Cleaning symbiosis （清除共生）is an example of symbiosis because the partners involved in the association‎
选项：
A: Are not harmed.
B: Are both harmed if we closely study their association.
C: One species benefits while the other is unaffected.
D: Both have coevolved into a close association.
答案: 【 Both have coevolved into a close association.】

3、单选题：
‌A fundamental role of decomposers‏
选项：
A: Causing diseases.
B: Providing food for carnivores
C: Providing energy for autotrophs.
D: Releasing nutrients to be used by autotrophs.
答案: 【 Releasing nutrients to be used by autotrophs.】

4、单选题：
‎In a salt marsh, a fish eats decaying material from around the base of Spartina grass plants. A snail scrapes algae from the stalks of the Spartina grass. These species can coexist in the same area because they have: ‏
选项：
A: The same niche, but different habitat.

B: The same habitat and the same niche.
C: Different habitats and different niches.
D: The same habitat, but different niche.

答案: 【 The same habitat, but different niche.
】

5、单选题：
‍The term trophic refers to:‏
选项：
A: Competition.
B: Symbiosis.

C: Habitat.
D: Feeding.
答案: 【 Feeding.】

6、单选题：
‍Which of the following is an example of intraspecific competition? ‎
选项：
A: Two species of barnacles competing for space on a rocky shoreline
B: Two species of dolphins feeding on the same population of fish
C:  Two species of seals fight over space on a beach to rear their young
D: Two individuals in a population of clownfish attempt to use the same anemone as habitat
答案: 【 Two individuals in a population of clownfish attempt to use the same anemone as habitat】

7、单选题：
‌In competitive exclusion, which of the following is true‏
选项：
A: Two species cannot coexist in a habitat
B: Results from intraspecific completion
C: Leads to population growth for both competitors
D: One species is a better competitor for resources
答案: 【 One species is a better competitor for resources】

8、单选题：
​Predation can be best defined as: ‌
选项：
A: A plant taking in nutrients
B: An animal eating scavenged decayed material
C: An animal eating a plant
D: An animal eating any other organism
答案: 【 An animal eating any other organism】

9、单选题：
‏What is the habitat？‌
选项：
A: The function of a particular species
B: A place in where the individuals of population live
C: A group of populations living together
D: A plant population living in the sea
E: An animal population living in the forest
答案: 【 A place in where the individuals of population live】

10、单选题：
​‍100,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of the third consumer.‍
选项：
A: 100
B: 1000
C: 10,000
D: 100,000
答案: 【 100】

随堂测验——生态学的基本概念

1、单选题：
‎All of the following are examples of abiotic factors except:‌
选项：
A: Salinity
B: Predation
C: Substrate
D: Temperature
答案: 【 Predation】

2、单选题：
‍An example of a community is:‎
选项：
A: One giant kelp individual
B: A kelp forest plus all of the physical factors affecting it
C: All physical factors affecting a kelp forest
D: A kelp forest plus all organisms living in it
答案: 【 A kelp forest plus all organisms living in it】

3、单选题：
‍Zooxanthellae （虫黄藻） live within the tissues of corals and both organisms benefit from the association. This is known as:‎
选项：
A: Mutualism （互利共生）
B: Predation （摄食）
C: Commensalism（共栖）
D: Parasitism （寄生）
答案: 【 Mutualism （互利共生）】

4、单选题：
‏The following is a synonym of autotrophs‍
选项：
A: Primary producer
B: Consumer
C: Heterotroph
D: Predator
答案: 【 Primary producer】

5、单选题：
‎The difference between food webs and food chains is that food webs:‌
选项：
A: Consist of only one trophic level
B: Include primary producers as well as consumers
C: Do not take into account predators
D: Are more complex
答案: 【 Are more complex】

6、单选题：
‌Which of the following could be a third consumer? ​
选项：
A: A seaweed
B: A grazer
C: A carnivore
D: An autotroph
答案: 【 A carnivore】

7、单选题：
‎The type of interaction that results when a resource is in short supply and one organism uses the resource at the expense of the other is called: ‏
选项：
A: Population explosion
B: Predation
C: Resource partitioning
D: Competition
答案: 【 Competition】

8、单选题：
‍The ecological niche of a species refers to: ‏
选项：
A: Position of the organism in the food web
B: Role in the community and all associated biotic and abiotic factors
C: Mode of reproduction and food habits
D: Behavior in relation to other species in the community
答案: 【 Role in the community and all associated biotic and abiotic factors】

9、单选题：
‌Predation can be best defined as:‏
选项：
A: A plant taking in nutrients
B: An animal eating scavenged decayed material
C: An animal eating a plant
D: An animal eating any other organism
答案: 【 An animal eating any other organism】

10、单选题：
‌On the average, what percentage of energy in a particular trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level?‌
选项：
A: 1%
B: 2%
C: 5%
D: 10%
答案: 【 10%】

海洋生态环境和主要生物生态类群

1、单选题：
​How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by the world ocean? ‍
选项：
A: 53%

B: 65%
C: 78%
D: 71%
答案: 【 71%】

2、单选题：
‍One of the following is not one of the world’s major ocean basins‏
选项：
A: Atlantic Ocean.
B: Arctic Ocean.
C: Indian Ocean.
D: Antarctic Ocean.
答案: 【 Antarctic Ocean.】

3、单选题：
‏The most biologically rich part of the ocean is the:‎
选项：
A: Shelf break
B: Continental slope.
C: Deep-sea floor.
D: Continental shelf.
答案: 【 Continental shelf.】

4、单选题：
‍Which of the following is the state of water at a temperature of 4゜C ?‏
选项：
A: Boiling point of water
B: Freezing point of water
C: Maximum density of water
D: Condensation point of water
答案: 【 Maximum density of water】

5、单选题：
‏How does the oxygen content of the ocean compare to the air that humans breathe? ‍
选项：
A: Higher oxygen content
B: Depends of the salinity of the water
C: Depends on the depth of the water
D: Lower oxygen content
答案: 【 Lower oxygen content】

6、单选题：
‏What is the water depth of the epipelagic zone?‏
选项：
A: 200～1000m
B: 1000～4000
C: >4000m
D: 0～200m
答案: 【 0～200m】

7、单选题：
‍Where is the mesopelagic zone?‍
选项：
A: 0~200m
B: 1000~4000m
C: >4000m
D: 200~1000m
E: mesopelagic zone 中层
答案: 【 200~1000m】

8、单选题：
‍What size of plankton is called microplankton?‎
选项：
A: 2～20um
B: 0.2～2um
C: <0.2um
D: 20～200um
答案: 【 20～200um】

9、单选题：
​Most of the bacteria blong to ?‎
选项：
A: microplankton
B: macroplankton
C: nanoplankton
D: picoplankton
答案: 【 picoplankton】

10、单选题：
‎Benthos are the organisms who are living in‌
选项：
A: epipelagic zone
B: mesopelagic zone
C: sea floor
D: bathypelagic zone
答案: 【 sea floor】

海洋的光环境和海洋生物的适应性

1、单选题：
​以下特征为 r-选择生物的特征的是：‍
选项：
A: 生长率高
B: 性成熟慢
C: 扩散能力低
D: 生命周期长
答案: 【 生长率高】

2、单选题：
​有关r-对策者和k-对策者，下面说法不正确的是:‎​‎
选项：
A: r-对策者生活在不稳定环境
B: r-对策者幼体存活率低
C: k-对策者竞争能力强
D: k-对策者种群恢复能力强
答案: 【 k-对策者种群恢复能力强】

3、单选题：
‌下列哪种现象与光照的影响最为密切？​
选项：
A: 洄游
B: 两极同源
C: 垂直移动
D: 热带沉降
答案: 【 垂直移动】

4、单选题：
‍海水中的光照强度随深度增加而变化的规律可表示为：‍
选项：
A:

B:
C:
D:
答案: 【 】

5、单选题：
​In euphotic zone (真光层), which of the following is correct?​
选项：
A: The photosynthesis of phytoplankton is stronger than respiration
B: The photosynthesis of phytoplankton is weaker than respiration
C: The photosynthesis of phytoplankton is the same as respiration
D: All the answers are incorrect
答案: 【 The photosynthesis of phytoplankton is stronger than respiration】

6、单选题：
‏下列关于总初级生产力的说法正确的是‌
选项：
A: 总初级生产力不包括自养生物的呼吸消耗
B: 总初级生产力总是比净初级生产力大
C: 总初级生产力随光照强度增加而增大。
D: 总初级生产力在温度最高的海域最大。
答案: 【 总初级生产力总是比净初级生产力大】

7、单选题：
‍在补偿深度，浮游植物光合作用和呼吸作用的关系？‎
选项：
A: 相等
B: 光合作用大于呼吸作用
C: 光合作用小于呼吸作用
D: 不确定