

1、单选题:
病理生理学是( )
选项:
A: 研究疾病的表现及治疗的科学
B: 研究疾病发生原因的科学
C: 研究疾病发生、发展规律和机制的科学
D: 研究疾病转归的科学
E: 研究疾病时机体变化的科学
答案: 【 研究疾病发生、发展规律和机制的科学】
2、单选题:
Which one does not belong to the fundamental pathological process? ( )
选项:
A: Heart failure
B: Shock
C: Fever
D: Hypoxia
E: Metabolic alkalosis
答案: 【 Heart failure】
3、单选题:
Which one does not belong to the causes of diseases?
选项:
A: Gene mutations
B: Noise
C: Drug poisoning
D: Age and sex
E: Hypersensitivity reaction
答案: 【 Age and sex】
4、单选题:
Which one does not belong to the fundamental mechanisms of disease?
选项:
A: Aging mechanism
B: Neural mechanism
C: Humoral mechanism
D: Cellular mechanism
E: Molecular mechanism
答案: 【 Aging mechanism】
5、单选题:
Which one cannot be used as a suitable criterion to brain death?
选项:
A: Cardiac arrest
B: Dilated or fixed pupils
C: Irreversible coma
D: The absence of brain stem reflexes
E: The cessation of spontaneous respiration
答案: 【 Cardiac arrest】
6、单选题:
Generally speaking, what does the developing direction of a disease depend on?
选项:
A: The quantity and intensity of causative factors
B: Whether the precipitating factors exist or not
C: The contrast between the strength of damage and anti-damage factors
D: The resistance of the organism to a disease
E: The ability of the organism to maintain homeostasis
答案: 【 The contrast between the strength of damage and anti-damage factors】
7、单选题:
病理生理学是( )
选项:
A: 研究疾病的表现及治疗的科学
B: 研究疾病发生原因的科学
C: 研究疾病发生、发展规律和机制的科学
D: 研究疾病转归的科学
E: 研究疾病时机体变化的科学
答案: 【 研究疾病发生、发展规律和机制的科学】
8、单选题:
病理生理学的主要任务是( )
选项:
A: 研究疾病时机体的代偿方式及其调节
B: 研究疾病发生发展的规律与机制
C: 描述疾病时体内变化
D: 研究疾病的症状和体征
E: 研究疾病过程中的病理变化
答案: 【 研究疾病发生发展的规律与机制】
9、单选题:
疾病概论主要论述的是( )
选项:
A: 疾病中具有普遍规律性的问题
B: 疾病发生的原因与条件
C: 疾病发生发展和转归的规律与机制
D: 患病机体的功能、代谢的动态变化及机制
E: 基本病理过程的发生机制
答案: 【 疾病中具有普遍规律性的问题】
10、单选题:
病理过程是指( )
选项:
A: 疾病发生、发展的普遍规律
B: 疾病发生发展的临床表现
C: 疾病时功能代谢和形态结构的变化
D: 疾病中共同、成套的功能代谢和结构变化
E: 病因学和发病学的一般问题
答案: 【 疾病中共同、成套的功能代谢和结构变化】
11、单选题:
机体各系统病理生理学主要论述( )
选项:
A: 在多种疾病过程中出现的共同病理变化
B: 重要系统在不同疾病中出现的共同病理变化
C: 各系统的每一种疾病所特有的病理变化
D: 各系统的不同疾病所共有的致病因素
E: 每一种疾病所涉及的病理生理学问题
答案: 【 重要系统在不同疾病中出现的共同病理变化】
12、单选题:
病理生理学研究疾病的最主要方法是( )
选项:
A: 流行病学调查
B: 分子生物学实验
C: 动物实验
D: 临床观察
E: 离体器官实验
答案: 【 动物实验】
13、单选题:
能够较全面体现临床疾病特征的常用疾病模型是( )
选项:
A: 自然发生的疾病模型
B: 药物处理的细胞模型
C: 基因操控的细胞模型
D: 整体动物模型
E: 离体器官模型
答案: 【 整体动物模型】
14、判断题:
It is impossible that two or more fundamental pathological processes involve in any disease simultaneously.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】
15、判断题:
The main task of pathophysiology is to study the mechanisms and rules of the occurrence, development and outcome of disease.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】
16、判断题:
Pathophysiology is a subject to study the rules of life activities of unhealthy individuals.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】
1、单选题:
低渗性脱水时尿钠减少的主要原因是()
选项:
A: 交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋
B: 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统兴奋
C: 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统抑制
D: 交感-肾上腺髓质系统抑制
E: 交感-肾上腺皮质系统兴奋
答案: 【 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统兴奋】
2、单选题:
低容量性高钠血症脱水的主要部位是 ( )
选项:
A: 体腔
B: 细胞间液
C: 血液
D: 细胞内液
E: 淋巴液
答案: 【 细胞内液】
3、单选题:
最易发生脱水热的水与电解质紊乱类型是()
选项:
A: 低容量性高钠血症
B: 低容量性低钠血症
C: 等渗性脱水
D: 水肿
E: 高容量性低钠血症
答案: 【 低容量性高钠血症】
4、单选题:
The predominant harmful effect in acute water intoxication is()
选项:
A: Acute heart failure
B: Pulmonary edema
C: Acute hypertension
D: Hemodilution and anemia
E: Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension
答案: 【 Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension】
5、单选题:
Which organ plays the key role in keeping sodium and water balance of body?
选项:
A: Sweat gland
B: Skin
C: Lung
D: Kidney
E: Digestive tract
答案: 【 Kidney】
6、单选题:
Which one of the following disorders of water and sodium metabolism might result in cerebral hemorrhage?()
选项:
A: Edema
B: Isotonic dehydration
C: Hypertonic dehydration
D: Hypotonic dehydration
E: Water intoxication
答案: 【 Hypertonic dehydration】
7、单选题:
Peripheral circulatory failure may occur late in hypertonic dehydration because of()
选项:
A: The cardiac compensation
B: The water movement from ICF to ECF
C: The blood redistribution
D: The increased volume of vascular bed
E: The increased reabsorption of sodium and water in renal tubules
答案: 【 The water movement from ICF to ECF】
8、单选题:
The main characteristic of body fluid change in hypovolemic hyponatremia is that()
选项:
A: Intracellular fluid is decreased, extracellular fluid is increased
B: Intracellular fluid is normal, extracellular fluid is decreased
C: Intracellular fluid is decreased, extracellular fluid is normal
D: Intracellular fluid is increased, extracellular fluid is decreased
E: Intracellular fluid loss is identical to extracellular fluid loss
答案: 【 Intracellular fluid is increased, extracellular fluid is decreased】
9、单选题:
The characteristic of hypovolemic hyponatremia is()
选项:
A: Increased Serum [Na+], decreased volume of ECF
B: Decreased Serum [Na+], increased volume of ECF
C: Decreased Serum [Na+], decreased volume of ECF
D: Decreased Serum [Na+], decreased volume of ICF
E: Increased Serum [Na+], decreased volume of ICF
答案: 【 Decreased Serum [Na+], decreased volume of ECF】
10、单选题:
低渗性脱水时尿钠减少的主要原因是()
选项:
A: 交感-肾上腺髓质系统兴奋
B: 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统兴奋
C: 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统抑制
D: 交感-肾上腺髓质系统抑制
E: 交感-肾上腺皮质系统兴奋
答案: 【 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统兴奋】
11、单选题:
下列哪种情况属于低容量低钠血症()
选项:
A: 主要是细胞内脱水
B: 口渴明显
C: 失水大于失钠
D: 囟门、眼窝塌陷,外周循环衰竭较早出现
E: 早期尿量减少
答案: 【 囟门、眼窝塌陷,外周循环衰竭较早出现】
12、单选题:
急性肾功能衰竭少尿期摄入水过多可发生()
选项:
A: 高渗性脱水
B: 低渗性脱水
C: 等渗性脱水
D: 水中毒
E: 水肿
答案: 【 水中毒】
13、多选题:
下列哪些情况可以引起高渗性脱水()
选项:
A: 昏迷
B: 频繁呕吐
C: 高热
D: 尿崩症
E: 渴感障碍
答案: 【 昏迷;
频繁呕吐;
高热;
尿崩症;
渴感障碍】
14、多选题:
高渗性脱水早期,机体的代偿反应表现为()
选项:
A: 口渴中枢兴奋
B: ADH释放增多
C: 醛固酮分泌增加
D: 细胞内水分转向细胞外
E: 细胞外水分转向细胞内
答案: 【 口渴中枢兴奋;
ADH释放增多;
细胞内水分转向细胞外】
15、判断题:
Patients of hypotonic dehydration are often associated with inappropriate treatment such as replacement of pure water to the loss of water and sodium.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】
16、判断题:
The main role of ADH is to increase the reabsorption of water in distal tubule and collecting duct of kidney.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】
1、单选题:
The main mechanism of facial edema in patients with nephrotic syndrome is ( )
选项:
A: Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B: Increased capillary permeability
C: Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure and loose local tissue structure
D: Obstruction of lung lymphatic return
E: Decreased GFR
答案: 【 Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure and loose local tissue structure】
2、单选题:
Which one of the following would not develop to anasarca?
选项:
A: Renal edema
B: Cardiac edema
C: Inflammatory edema
D: Hepatic edema
E: Nutritional edema
答案: 【 Inflammatory edema】
3、单选题:
Which of the following statements is not true about the resultant effect of edema on the body?
选项:
A: Edema impedes nutritional supply to cells
B: Inflammatory edema has protective effect by diluting, neutralizing toxins and transporting antibodies
C: The pathological effect of local edema on the body is less than that of anasarca
D: Edema of vital organs is potentially life-threatening
E: Long-term edema will depress tissue resistance to pathogenic microorganism
答案: 【 The pathological effect of local edema on the body is less than that of anasarca】
4、单选题:
The basic mechanism inducing retention of sodium and water is that ( )
选项:
A: There is a glomerular-tubular imbalance
B: Capillary hydrostatic pressure is increased
C: Capillary permeability is increased
D: Plasma colloid osmotic pressure is decreased
E: Lymphatic return is obstructed
答案: 【 There is a glomerular-tubular imbalance】
5、单选题:
Which of the following is not concerned with plasma colloid osmotic pressure decrease?
选项:
A: Cirrhosis
B: Severe malnutrition (dystrophy)
C: Anemia
D: Malignant tumor
E: Nephrotic syndrome
答案: 【 Anemia】
6、单选题:
The mechanism of edema in the homolateral arm of breast carcinoma treated with radical surgery is ( )
选项:
A: Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure due to congestion in operation
B: Increased capillary permeability due to vessel impairment in operation
C: Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure due to plasma loss in operation
D: Lymphatic obstruction due to removal of lymph nodes in operation
E: Increased tissue colloid osmotic pressure due to tissue damage in operation
答案: 【 Lymphatic obstruction due to removal of lymph nodes in operation】
7、单选题:
下列那项不是肝硬化腹水形成的重要因素( )
选项:
A: 肝静脉回流受阻
B: 门静脉回流受阻
C: 血浆胶体渗透压下降
D: 抗利尿激素灭活减少
E: 有效循环血量增加
答案: 【 有效循环血量增加】
8、单选题:
象皮腿病的发生主要是由于( )
选项:
A: 局部淋巴管阻塞所致急性局部水肿
B: 局部毛细血管静脉端阻塞所致局部水肿
C: 丝虫病局部淋巴管阻塞伴有局部皮肤色素沉积
D: 丝虫病局部淋巴管阻塞导致局部水肿并有结缔组织增生
E: 丝虫病局部淋巴管阻塞伴有局部皮下钙盐沉积
答案: 【 丝虫病局部淋巴管阻塞导致局部水肿并有结缔组织增生】
9、单选题:
妊娠后期发生下肢水肿的主要机制是( )
选项:
A: 毛细血管流体静压增高
B: 淋巴回流受阻
C: 毛细血管通透性增高
D: 营养不良血浆蛋白减少
E: 钠水潴留
答案: 【 毛细血管流体静压增高】
10、单选题:
机体体循环静脉压增高的常见原因是( )
选项:
A: 血栓阻塞静脉腔
B: 肿瘤转移到静脉
C: 瘢痕压迫静脉壁
D: 右心衰竭
E: 左心衰竭
答案: 【 右心衰竭】
11、单选题:
影响血浆胶体渗透压最重要的蛋白是( )
选项:
A: 白蛋白
B: 球蛋白
C: 纤维蛋白
D: 珠蛋白
E: 凝血酶
答案: 【 白蛋白】
12、单选题:
水肿是指( )
选项:
A: 细胞内液过多
B: 淋巴管内液过多
C: 组织间隙或体腔中液体过多
D: 血管内液过多
E: 细胞外液过多
答案: 【 组织间隙或体腔中液体过多】
13、多选题:
组织间液增多的主要原因有( )
选项:
A: 毛细血管流体静压增高
B: 血浆胶体渗透压降低
C: 微血管壁通透性增高
D: 组织间液中蛋白积聚
E: 淋巴回流受阻
答案: 【 毛细血管流体静压增高;
血浆胶体渗透压降低;
微血管壁通透性增高;
组织间液中蛋白积聚;
淋巴回流受阻】
14、多选题:
造成毛细血管流体静压增高的疾病有( )
选项:
A: 左心衰竭
B: 右心衰竭
C: 门脉性肝硬化
D: 急性肾小球肾炎
E: 肾病综合征
答案: 【 左心衰竭;
右心衰竭;
门脉性肝硬化】
15、判断题:
The effect of anasarca on the body must be greater than that of local edema.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】
16、判断题:
The decrease of GFR can induce edema due to imbalance of fluid interchange between plasma and interstitial compartments.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】
17、判断题:
One of the mechanisms of edema induced by heart failure is the increase of glomerular FF.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】
1、单选题:
小儿失钾的最重要原因是
选项:
A: 严重腹泻呕吐
B: 利尿药用量过多
C: 肾上腺皮质激素过多
D: 某些肾脏疾病
E: 经皮肤失钾
答案: 【 严重腹泻呕吐】
2、单选题:
反常性碱性尿常见于
选项:
A: 乳酸酸中毒
B: 呼吸性酸中毒
C: 缺钾性碱中毒
D: 高钾性酸中毒
E: 呼吸性碱中毒
答案: 【 高钾性酸中毒】
3、单选题:
成人失钾最重要的途径是
选项:
A: 经胃失钾
B: 经小肠失钾
C: 经结肠失钾
D: 经肾失钾
E: 经皮肤失钾
答案: 【 经肾失钾】
4、单选题:
影响细胞内外钾平衡调节的主要激素是
选项:
A: 胰岛素
B: 胰高血糖素
C: 肾上腺糖皮质激素
D: 醛固酮
E: 甲状腺素
答案: 【 胰岛素】
5、单选题:
影响体内外钾平衡调节的主要激素是
选项:
A: 胰岛素
B: 胰高血糖素
C: 肾上腺糖皮质激素
D: 醛固酮
E: 甲状腺素
答案: 【 醛固酮】
6、单选题:
The effects of mild hypokalemia on the physiological characteristics of myocardial cells are
选项:
A: ↑excitability, ↑conductivity, ↑automaticity, ↑contractibility
B: ↑excitability, ↓conductivity, ↑automaticity, ↑contractibility
C: ↓excitability, ↓conductivity, ↓automaticity, ↓contractibility
D: ↓excitability, ↑conductivity, ↓automaticity, ↑contractibility
E: ↑excitability, ↓conductivity, ↑automaticity, ↓contractibility
答案: 【 ↑excitability, ↓conductivity, ↑automaticity, ↑contractibility】
7、单选题:
The excitability of skeletal muscles is decreased in acute hypokalemia because
选项:
A: Em voltage becomes less negative, and the Na+ channel is inactive
B: Em voltage becomes more negative, the difference between Em-Et increases
C: Et elevates, the difference between Em-Et increases
D: Em voltage becomes less negative, the difference between Em-Et decreases
E: Em voltage becomes less negative, the difference between Em-Et decreases
答案: 【 Em voltage becomes more negative, the difference between Em-Et increases】
8、单选题:
The effects of severe hyperkalemia on the physiological characteristics of myocardial cell are
选项:
A: ↑excitability, ↑conductivity, ↑automaticity, ↑contractibility
B: ↑excitability, ↓conductivity, ↑automaticity, ↑contractibility
C: ↓excitability, ↓conductivity, ↓automaticity, ↓contractibility
D: ↓excitability, ↑conductivity, ↓automaticity, ↑contractibility
E: ↑excitability, ↓conductivity, ↑automaticity, ↓contractibility
答案: 【 ↓excitability, ↓conductivity, ↓automaticity, ↓contractibility】
9、单选题:
The overdose of insulin may lead to hypokalemia due to
选项:
A: The loss of K+ caused by excessive sweating (diaphoresis)
B: The excessive secretion of aldosterone
C: The dysfunction of renal tubular K+ reabsorption
D: The uptake of K+ into ICF compartment from ECF compartment
E: The increased intestinal K+ excretion
答案: 【 The uptake of K+ into ICF compartment from ECF compartment】
10、单选题:
The changes of ECG during acute hyperkalemia are as follows except
选项:
A: Peaked T wave
B: Prolonged P-R interval
C: Deepened S wave
D: Peaked P wave
E: Suppressive and widened QRS complex
答案: 【 Peaked P wave】
11、单选题:
低钾血症对酸碱平衡的影响是
选项:
A: 细胞内碱中毒,细胞外酸中毒
B: 细胞内碱中毒,细胞外正常
C: 细胞内外均碱中毒
D: 细胞内外均酸中毒
E: 细胞内酸中毒,细胞外碱中毒
答案: 【 细胞内酸中毒,细胞外碱中毒】
12、单选题:
In hyperkalemia the serum potassium concentration is more than
选项:
A: 3.5mmol/L
B: 4.5mmol/L
C: 5.5mmol/L
D: 6.5mmol/L
E: 7.5mmol/L
答案: 【 5.5mmol/L】
13、单选题:
Which one of the following conditions can be caused by both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia
选项:
A: Metabolic acidosis
B: Cardiac arrhythmia
C: Metabolic alkalosis
D: Increased renal tubular K+ excretion
E: Increased renal tubular H+ excretion
答案: 【 Cardiac arrhythmia】
14、单选题:
In hyperkalemia the serum potassium concentration is more than
选项:
A: 3.5mmol/L
B: 4.5mmol/L
C: 5.5mmol/L
D: 6.5mmol/L
E: 7.5mmol/L
答案: 【 5.5mmol/L】
15、判断题:
In acute severe hyperkalemia, the neuromuscular excitability is increased with body sting and abnormal feeling.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】
16、判断题:
Hyperkalemia leads to hyperpolarization blocking of myocardium.
选项:
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】
1、单选题:
The common causes of lactic acidosis are as follows except
选项:
A: Shock
B: Hypoxia
C: Cardiac arrest
D: Respiratory failure
E: Severe starvation
答案: 【 Severe starvation】
2、单选题:
下列哪种酸属于挥发酸
选项:
A: 乳酸
B: 磷酸
C: 碳酸
D: 丙酮酸
E: 乙酰乙酸
答案: 【 碳酸】
3、单选题:
反映血浆中实际HCO3-量的指标为
选项:
A: PaCO2
B: SB
C: AB
D: BB
E: BE
答案: 【 AB】
4、单选题:
AB和SB值均高于正常,且AB>SB,表明可能有
选项:
A: AG正常型代谢性酸中毒
B: AG增高型代谢性酸中毒
C: 呼吸性酸中毒
D: 呼吸性碱中毒
E: 混合性碱中毒
答案: 【 呼吸性酸中毒】
5、单选题:
正常体液中的酸性物质主要是
选项:
A: 随膳食直接摄入的酸
B: 代谢产生的碳酸
C: 糖无氧酵解产生的乳酸
D: 蛋白质分解代谢产生的无机酸
E: 脂肪代谢产生的羟丁酸
答案: 【 代谢产生的碳酸】
6、单选题:
血液中pH值主要取决于血浆中
选项:
A: CO2CP
B: PaCO2
C: HCO3-浓度
D: H2CO3浓度
E: HCO3-/H2CO3比值
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