Cell senescence and death

1、单选题：
‏Which caspase is involved in NON-canonical inflammasome signaling?‍
选项：
A: caspase-9
B: caspase-3
C: caspase-1
D: caspase-11
答案: 【 caspase-11】

2、单选题：
‏Which protein is the executor of necroptosis?‌
选项：
A: RIP3
B: MLKL
C: GSDMD
D: caspase-7
答案: 【 MLKL】

3、单选题：
‎Which one is NOT the morphological characteristics of apoptotic cells?‍
选项：
A: cell shrinkage
B: DNA fragmentation
C: plasma membrane rupture
D: blebbing
答案: 【 plasma membrane rupture】

4、单选题：
​Which one is involved in senescent phenotype exacerbation, consisting of inflammatory cytokines, MMP, growth factors etc.?‏
选项：
A: SASP
B: SAHF
C: DAMPs
D: PAMPs
答案: 【 SASP】

5、单选题：
‍Which one is the molecular switch from apoptosis to necroptosis?‌
选项：
A: RIP1
B: RIP3
C: caspase-8
D: TNFα
答案: 【 RIP3】

6、多选题：
‍Which one is the physiological roles of apoptosis during normal development?​
选项：
A: to prevent webbed hands and embryonic tails
B: to prevent the existence of useless nerve connections
C: to induce inflammatory responses against foreign pathogens
D: to function in immune cell selection
答案: 【 to prevent webbed hands and embryonic tails;
to prevent the existence of useless nerve connections;
to function in immune cell selection】

7、多选题：
​Which of the following is NOT true?‍
选项：
A: At the late stage of apoptosis, plasma membrane is intact, and the cell corpses are ingested by neighboring cells
B: Quiescent cells can re-enter the cell cycle while senescent cells can not because senescent cells are metabolically inactive
C: Apoptotic cells can be stained positively when subjected to acidic lysosomal SA-β-GAL staining
D: Caspase cascade is dominant in apoptotic signaling while phosphorylation cascade plays important roles in necroptotic signal transduction
答案: 【 Quiescent cells can re-enter the cell cycle while senescent cells can not because senescent cells are metabolically inactive;
Apoptotic cells can be stained positively when subjected to acidic lysosomal SA-β-GAL staining】

8、多选题：
‏Which of the following is NOT morphology of senescent cells?‌
选项：
A: increased cell size
B: ruptured plasma membrane
C: blebbing and formation of bubbles
D: flat and enlarged cytoplasm
答案: 【 ruptured plasma membrane;
blebbing and formation of bubbles】

9、多选题：
‎The activation of which caspase could NOT be considered as marker of  apoptosis?‎
选项：
A: caspase-1
B: caspase-3
C: caspase-7
D: caspase-11
答案: 【 caspase-1;
caspase-11】

10、判断题：
‍Senescent cells only exist in the old.‎
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

11、判断题：
‌Cell death will no doubt lead to the death of the organism.‎
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

Cellular Energetics

1、单选题：
‌Where does glycolysis takes place?‍
选项：
A: Mitochondrial matrix
B: Cytosol
C: Mitochondrial intermembrane space
D: Mitochondrial inner membrane
E: Mitochondrial outer membrane
答案: 【 Cytosol】

2、单选题：
‏Where is the electron transport chain found in plant cells?‎
选项：
A: Stroma of chloroplasts
B: Inner membrane of mitochondria
C: Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
D: Cytoplasm
答案: 【 Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts】

3、单选题：
‏Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?‌
选项：
A: Mitochondrial matrix
B: Mitochondrial intermembrane space
C: Mitochondrial inner membrane
D: Cytosol
答案: 【 Mitochondrial intermembrane space】

4、单选题：
‌Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?‎
选项：
A: Glycolysis –> NADH –> oxidative phosphorylation –> ATP –> oxygen
B: Citric acid cycle –> FADH2 –> electron transport chain –> ATP
C: Pyruvate –> citric acid cycle –> ATP –> NADH –> oxygen
D: Citric acid cycle –> NADH –> electron transport chain –> oxygen
答案: 【 Citric acid cycle –> NADH –> electron transport chain –> oxygen】

5、单选题：
‏Which do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?‌
选项：
A: Pyruvate
B: Acetyl CoA
C: Succinyl CoA
D: Malate or fumarate
答案: 【 Acetyl CoA】

6、单选题：
‏Brown-fat mitochondria uncouple oxidative phosphorylation to produce__________​
选项：
A: ADP
B: Fat
C: Heat
D: Oxygen
答案: 【 Heat】

7、判断题：
‌During ATP synthesis, protons move “down” their electrochemical gradient through  the F0 complex of ATP synthase‌
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 正确】

8、判断题：
‌The outer mitochondrial membrane is derived from the bacterial plasma membrane‏
选项：
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 【 错误】

9、填空题：
‌__________ is a lipid soluble molecule that acts to shuttle electrons within the mitochondrial inner membrane‏
答案: 【 CoQ】

10、填空题：
‏The energy released by the passage of electrons along the respiratory chain is stored as an___________ across the inner mitochondrial membrane.‌
答案: 【 proton motive force】

Culturing and visualizing cells-test

1、单选题：
 The most direct source of monoclonal antibodies are ________ cells.‎‏‎
选项：
A: B lymphocytes
B: T lymphocytes
C: myeloma
D: Hybridoma
答案: 【 Hybridoma】

2、单选题：
The fluorescent properties of dyes such as FITC can provide information on the‎‎‎‎‎
选项：
A: location of specific proteins.
B: concentration of  ions in specific regions of the cell.
C: the amount of  DNA in a cell.
D: volume of a cell.
答案: 【 location of specific proteins.】

3、单选题：
What factors necessary for growth of animal cells in culture are provided by serum? ‏
选项：
A: amino acids
B: precursors of DNA synthesis
C: growth factors
D: vitamins
答案: 【 growth factors 】

4、单选题：
What is the advantage of using GFP-tag to visualize specific proteins, instead of staining cells with fluorescent dyes that bind to the target protein?‍‍‏‍
选项：
A: GFP fusions enable one to track changes in the location of the protein in living cells; staining usually requires fixed cells
B: GFP fusions enable higher resolution than staining with fluorescent